Apparatus for recording position information of principal image and method of detecting principal image

ABSTRACT

In recording an image on a recording medium such as photographic film, position information used for the detection of a principal image is recorded on the recording medium. The position information is read when a hard copy of the image is produced. A characteristic value is derived from within the area of the principal image detected in accordance with the position information. A print exposure amount used for producing a hard copy is determined in accordance with the characteristic value. The position information may be the information directly or indirectly representing the position of the primary image. The indirect representation may be a combination of a subject distance and a focal length of a taking lens. This combination determines a reference size of a face or figure image on a frame. By detecting an image having the same size as the reference size, the principle image such as a facial image or a figure image can be identified.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an apparatus for recording positioninformation of a principal image and to a method of detecting aprincipal image. More particularly, the invention relates to anapparatus for recording information representing the position of aprincipal image within a frame at the time of taking an image, and to amethod of identifying a principal image in accordance with that positioninformation when a hard copy of the frame is produced.

Known recording media for recording an image include: photographic filmused with a photographic camera; a magnetic recording medium used with avideo camera and electronic still camera; an IC memory card; and thelike. In producing a hard copy, a photographic film generally is used asthe recording medium. In one current photographic print system, thephotographing conditions and intent of a photographer are estimated froman image recorded on a photographic film, so that a finishedphotographic print in some cases may become unsatisfactory for thephotographer.

Various types of known photographic cameras can record variousinformation on a photographic film at the time of photographing in orderto produce a photographic print matching the intent of a photographer.For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Nos. 51-117632,52-13333, and 52-30429 describe the recording of illumination light typeat the time of photographing on a photographic film. Japanese PatentLaid-open Publication Nos. 63-298233 and 64-21432 describe recording oftrimming information. Japanese Patent Laid-open Publications Nos.50-30517, 55-101932, and 54-2115 describe recording of the type of aprincipal image, i.e., the image of a principal subject (object).

It is common that photographic prints are regarded as properly finishedif a principal image on a color paper has a proper density and colorbalance regardless of whether a background image is finished improperlyto some degree. The above-described conventional methods, however, areassociated with a problem in that a finished principal image cannot beproperly formed because the position of a principal image cannot beidentified. One method of discriminating a principal image is astatistical scheme to estimate that a principal image is present in thecenter of a frame. However, a principal image is not always present atthe center of a frame, thereby posing a problem of a number of erroneousestimations.

Another method is to derive an image of a face from a frame on theempirical assumption that almost all principal images are human faces.For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 52-156624describes a method wherein the color on a negative image correspondingto flesh color on a positive image (hereinafter, for ease ofdescription, such color will be called simply flesh color) is defined,and the color density at each scanned point within a frame is comparedwith the defined color to judge whether the pixel is flesh colored. Anarea having such flesh colored pixels is considered to be a principalimage. An average color density within the principal image area iscalculated to determine a print exposure amount.

The just-described method is excellent from the standpoint of exposurecontrol, but is not conducive to deriving flesh color pixels from withina frame. Therefore, for example, if a wall having a color similar toflesh color is included within a scene, this wall will be judgederroneously as flesh or skin.

According to a further method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-openPublication No. 62-189456, a frame is taken with a TV camera, and theimage within the frame is displayed on a monitor to designate a point ona facial image with a light pen or the like. Using the color at thedesignated point as a reference, pixels having the same or approximatelythe same color as the reference color are derived automatically, so thatthe area having such derived pixels is determined to be a facial imagearea. However, with this method, cumbersome operations are required todesignate a point of a facial image with a light pen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, it is a principal object of the presentinvention to provide a method and apparatus capable of identifying aprincipal image within a frame correctly and easily.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method and apparatuscapable of identifying a principal image correctly and easily when ahard copy is produced, by recording position information of theprincipal image on a recording medium when taking an image.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a method andapparatus capable of detecting a facial image correctly as a principalimage.

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention areachieved by the provision of apparatus for detecting the position of aprincipal subject image within a frame at the time of the range findingoperation with a range finding device, and for recording positioninformation representative of the position within the frame on arecording medium. The position information represents the position ofthe principal image within the frame. X- and Y-coordinate values, acode, or number for each divisional area of a frame divided in a matrixform, or a mark recorded on a recording medium at a position linearlyextrapolated from a principal image may be recorded as positioninformation.

Since the position of a principal image within a frame is detected atthe time of the range finding operation for that frame, the positioninformation of the principal image can be recorded on a recording mediumwithout requiring a difficult operation.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, focal length dataof a taking lens and subject distance data are recorded on a recordingmedium when taking an image. In producing a hard copy, the data are readto determine a reference size of a facial image as a principal image.The reference size is compared with the size of an area presumed to be afacial image within a frame, to judge whether the area is a facialimage. With this embodiment, the area of a facial image can be detectedcorrectly without requiring a difficult operation.

According to another embodiment of the invention, information of one ofa plurality of range finding areas having a principal subject isrecorded on a recording medium, such as a photographic film, when takingan image. In producing a photographic print, the range finding areainformation recorded for each frame is read, and the range determinedmainly in accordance with the read range finding area is considered tobe the principal image area. Image information within the principalimage area is used for exposure control.

Bar codes, mark codes, characters, and the like may be used as the rangefinding area information. Two marks may be recorded near the sides of aframe such that the intersection of two orthogonal lines extending fromthe two marks indicates the range finding area. The distance informationof a principal subject may be recorded together with the range findingarea information.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description when read inconnection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a photographiccamera for recording the focal length of a taking lens and the subjectdistance;

FIG. 2 shows an example of a photographic film recorded with a subjectimage taken with the photographic camera shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a photographicprinter for making a print by using a developed photographic film;

FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram illustrating the signal processingunit shown in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a graph defining the area of flesh color;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are flow charts showing a procedure for discriminating aface image;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a photographic camera fordetecting the position of a principal subject during the range findingoperation, and recording the position information on a photographicfilm;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing the electrical construction of thephotographic camera shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between a light incidentposition of an image sensor and a subject distance;

FIGS. 11 and 12 show schematically other embodiments of a method ofthrowing a spot light beam;

FIGS. 13 to 17 show examples of recorded position information;

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a photographiccamera which performs the range finding operation by scanning with aspot light two-dimensionally;

FIG. 19 is a schematic view showing a photographic film with an imagephotographed with the photographic camera shown in FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure starting fromphotographing to printing;

FIG. 21 is a flow chart illustrating a procedure for calculating a printexposure amount;

FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating the size of a principal image;

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating divisional areas of a frame; and

FIGS. 24A and 24B to 26A and 26B are diagrams illustrating therelationships between the recorded position of a principal image and theprincipal image area.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, taking lens 10 is constructed of an optical system10a and a lens barrel 10b for holding the optical system 10a. The takinglens 10 is moved along the optical axis 12 by means of a lens drivingmechanism 11 which is driven by an operation member 13 in cooperativeassociation with, e.g., a range finder. The lens driving mechanism 11also activates a sensor 14, such as a potentiometer, to convert thedegree of motion (the linear displacement or the degree of rotation) ofthe taking lens 10 into an electric signal which is sent to a bar codeconverter 15. The sensor 14 may detect the position of the operationmember 13 or taking lens 10 by other means as well.

In addition to the sensor 14 which detects the degree of linear motionof the taking lens 10, a sensor of another type may be used, whichgenerates a different range signal for each range of a plurality ofranges for possible motion of the taking lens 10.

A focal length signal generator 16 generates a signal representative ofthe focal length of the taking lens 10, and sends it to the bar codeconverter 15 which then puts corresponding bar code data in a driver 17.The driver 17 drives a bar code recording head 18 which records thedistance information of a principal subject and the focal length data inbar code form on a photographic film 19. In this embodiment, the barcode recording head 18 is constructed of a liquid crystal display 20 fordisplaying a bar code, and a flash tube 21 for applying a flash to thedisplayed bar code. The distance information of a principal subject andthe focal length data are recorded in the area between the frame 19a andthe film edge at the same time as, or slightly before or after thesubject is photographed.

In this embodiment, although a bar code is recorded while thephotographic film 19 remains still, it may be recorded in synchronismwith the feeding of the photographic film 19. In this case, only one baris necessary for the bar code recording head 18 to record a bar code,thus simplifying the structure thereof. A mark or character may berecorded, instead of a bar code.

A shutter 25 is disposed at the back of the taking lens 10. This shutter25 is constructed of, e.g., two shutter blades 26 and 27, havingrespective recesses 26a and 27a formed therein. The shutter blades 26and 27 are moved by a shutter driving mechanism 28 such that they arepivoted in opposite directions about a fixed pin 30, while a movable pin29 is moved toward the fixed pin 30, thereby making an aperture wherethe recesses 26a and 27a are superposed one upon another. A light passedthrough this aperture becomes incident on the photographic film 19 tophotograph the subject.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a photographic film with bar codes recordedthereon. This photographic film 19 is formed, at regular intervals, withperforations 19b which are detected by a sensor of a feed stop device(not shown) to control feeding of the film one frame at a time. Distanceinformation 32 of a subject and focal length data 33, represented byrespective bar codes, are recorded on the side opposite each perforation19b. The bar codes are made visible by a development process.

FIG. 3 illustrates a photographic printer, in which white light radiatedfrom a light source 35 passes through a cyan filter 36, a magenta filter37, and a yellow filter 38 and enters a mixing box 39. The insertiondegree of these color filters 36 to 38 into an optical path 41 iscontrolled by a filter adjuster 40 to regulate the three colorcomponents and intensities of a printing light. The mixing box 39 isconstructed of a rectangular tube having an inner mirror surface anddiffusion plates mounted on both opposite ends of the rectangular tube.

A film carrier 44 is set at the printing station. A developedphotographic film 19 also is set at the printing station, and isilluminated by light transmitted through the mixing box 39. A film mask45 is mounted at the printing station to ensure the flatness of thephotographic film 19. This mask 45 is formed with an openingcorresponding to the size of a frame, as is well known in the art. Thefilm mask 45 is raised by a solenoid (not shown) while the photographicfilm 19 is being fed, and is lowered to press the photographic film 19during the printing operation.

A bar code reader 46 is mounted at the upstream portion of the printingstation to read the subject distance information 32 and focal lengthdata 33 recorded for the frame while the photographic film 19 is fed tothe printing station. The read data are decoded by a decoder 47, and aresent to a signal processing unit 48.

A scanner 52 is disposed upstream from and above the printing station.The scanner 52 is constructed of a lens 50 and an image area sensor 51,and measures the amount of light transmitted through each measurementpoint of the frame set at the printing station. A signal from thescanner 52 is converted by an analog to digital (A/D) converter 53 intoa digital signal which then is converted by a logarithmic converter 54into a density (strictly speaking, a logarithmically converted valuecorresponding to the density).

The density signal from the logarithmic converter 54 is sent to thesignal processing unit 48 which derives an image of a face, selects aprint exposure amount calculation equation in accordance with apresence/absence of the facial image, and calculates a print exposureamount by using the selected calculation equation. The obtained printexposure amount for each color is sent to a controller 55.

A printing lens 58, disposed above the printing station, enlarges andprojects an image in a specified frame to a color paper 60 positioned atthe back of a paper mask 59. A shutter 62, whose open/close operation iscontrolled by a shutter driver 61, is disposed between the printing lens58 and color paper 60.

FIG. 4 illustrates the function of the signal processing unit 48, whichis constructed of a microcomputer. A memory 66 stores therein threecolor densities (red color density R, green color density G, and bluecolor density B) for respective measurement points within the frame. Thethree color densities are sent to a flesh color pixel deriving unit 67for the calculation of a print exposure amount. The flesh color pixelderiving unit 67 derives flesh color pixels. In deriving flesh colorpixels, reference is made to a flesh color definition stored in a memory68. A flesh color is defined, for example, by an elliptically-shapedregion 82, indicated by hatch lines in FIG. 5, within a rectangularcoordinate system having density differences (R-G) and (G-B) as itsaxes. A pixel whose density differences are coordinates included withinthe region 82 is judged to be a flesh colored pixel. A rectangle,rhombus or other shape may be used in place of an ellipse.

The position data of the pixel judged as a flesh color pixel are sent toa flesh color area determining unit 69 which determines a closed areaconstructed of flesh color pixels to be a flesh color area, andthereafter calculates the size of the flesh color area. This size may berepresented by the longest of the straight lines interconnecting twopoints on the contour of the flesh color area. However, it is preferableto use area dimensions as the size for simplicity of calculation. Thearea dimensions may be represented by the number of pixels.

A memory 72 stores therein subject distance data, whereas memory 73stores therein focal length data of the taking lens 10. Using thesedata, an operation unit 74 calculates the reference size FS of a facialimage of a figure recorded in the photographic film 19 in accordancewith the following equation:

    FS=FS.sub.0 . f / (L-f)

where FS₀ is an ordinary size of faces in a figure, L is a subjectdistance, and f is a focal length.

A judgement unit 75 compares the calculated facial image reference sizeFS with the size of the derived flesh color area. If the size is thesame, or approximately the same as the reference size FS, the fleshcolor area is judged to be a facial image. The coordinate values of theposition of the facial image are sent to a characteristic value derivingunit 76 to derive characteristic values used for a calculation equationwhich determines a print exposure amount by emphasizing a finishedfacial image. In particular, the characteristic value deriving unit 76reads from the memory 66 the color densities of facial image pixels andobtains an average value of these color densities. The characteristicvalue deriving unit 76 also calculates the maximum value and minimumvalue of pixels within the frame, an average density of a particulararea such a central area and peripheral area of a frame, and othercharacteristic values.

The obtained characteristic values are sent to an operation unit 77 andare substituted into a print exposure amount calculation equationsection 77a which emphasizes a flesh color. Another characteristic valuederiving unit 78 derives characteristic values which are used with ageneral print exposure amount calculation equation section 77b.Particular examples of these print exposure calculation equations aredetailed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,695 issued Sep. 6, 1988(corresponding to Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 62-189456).A calculation equation selecting unit 79 selects the print exposureamount calculation equation 77a if a facial image is present within theframe 19a, and selects the equation 77b otherwise. The print exposureamount calculated using the selected equation is sent to the controller55.

The operation of the just-described embodiment now will be discussed. Intaking a photograph, a camera is pointed at a principal subject, and adesired layout is determined. Thereafter, the operation member 13 isactuated in accordance with the distance from the principal subject.Upon actuation of the operation member 13, the taking lens 10 is movedalong the optical axis 12 by means of the lens driving mechanism 11, andthe focal point of the lens is adjusted. After such focal pointadjustment, the sensor 14 detects the position of the taking lens 10 andsends a detected signal to the bar code converter 15.

The focal length signal generator 16 sends a focal length signal for thetaking lens 10 to the bar code converter 15. Upon depression of arelease button after focal adjustment, the shutter driving mechanism 28moves the drive pin 29 reciprocally so that the shutter 25 opens andcloses to photograph a subject.

Simultaneously with or slightly before or after this photographing, thebar code converter 15 converts the subject distance and focal lengthinto bar codes which then are sent to the driver 17. The driver 17drives the bar code recording head 18 to display the bar codes of thesubject distance and focal length on the liquid crystal display 20.After the bar code display has become stable, the flash tube 21 isilluminated to record the subject distance data 32 and focal length data33 in a peripheral portion of the frame 19a, as shown in FIG. 2.

After all frames of the photographic film 19 are used, the film isremoved from the photographic camera and sent to a laboratory. At thelaboratory, the film 19 is developed to make visible both a subjectimage and data recorded in each frame as latent images. The developedphotographic film 19 is mounted on the film carrier 44 of thephotographic printer shown in FIG. 3.

While the photographic film 19 is fed on the film carrier 44, thesubject distance data 32 and focal length data 33 recorded in theperipheral portion of the frame 19a are read with a bar code reader 46,as indicated in the flow chart of FIG. 6. The read data 32, 33 aredecoded by the decoder 47, and are sent to the signal processing unit 48which calculates, on the basis of the received data, the reference sizeFS of the facial image on the photographic film 19.

When the frame 19a is set at the printing station, the scanner 52measures the transmitted red, green and blue light amounts for eachmeasurement point within the frame 19a. The three color photometricvalues undergo A/D conversion and logarithmic conversion, and then aresent to the signal processing unit 48. After the photometry ofrespective pixels, the signal processing unit 48 derives flesh colorpixels and determines the flesh color area which is composed of fleshcolor pixels. The flesh color area is compared with the reference sizeFS. If the flesh color area is the same or approximately the same as thereference size, the flesh color area is judged to be a facial image.

After completion of judging all flesh color areas, scene discriminationis carried out. In scene discrimination, if a facial image is present,the frame is discriminated as a figure photographic scene; otherwise theframe is discriminated as other photographic scenes. For the figurephotographic scene, the characteristic values derived by thecharacteristic value deriving unit 76 are substituted into the printexposure amount calculation equation 77a to calculate a print exposureamount. For other photographic scenes, the characteristic values derivedby the characteristic value deriving unit 78 are substituted into theprint exposure amount calculation equation 77b to calculate a printexposure amount. After calculation of a print exposure amount, thecontroller 55 adjusts the insertion degree of the color correctionfilters 36 to 38 into the optical path 41 in accordance therewith. Afteradjusting the filters 36 to 38, the shutter 62 is opened for apredetermined time to print the frame 19a on the color paper 60. Theother frames are printed sequentially in a similar manner.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing another technique for discriminating afacial image. In this embodiment, a closed round contour is derived fromimages within a frame. Next, the round area size is compared with thereference size FS. If the round area size is the same or approximatelythe same as the reference size, the area is discriminated as a facialimage.

Patterns of facial images relative to subject distances may be stored ina memory from which a facial image pattern is selected in accordancewith subject distance data. By means of a pattern matching scheme, apattern in the frame which is the same or approximately the same as theselected facial image pattern is discriminated as a facial image. Inthis case, since a facial image pattern changes with the direction ofthe face toward a camera, it is preferable to store several facial imagepatterns, in various attitudes, for respective subject distances in amemory.

FIG. 8 shows a photographic camera, having an automatic focussingdevice, which detects the position of a principal subject image on aframe during the range finding operation. In FIG. 8, elements which arethe same as those shown in FIG. 1 are represented by using identicalreference numerals. A projector 85 and light detector 86 are disposedabove and below a taking lens 10, opposing each other relative to theoptical axis of the lens 10. The projector 85 has a plurality of (e.g.,four in this embodiment) spot light sources 85a to 85d, each of which isconstructed of an LED, for throwing a near infrared ray, and a lens, aswell known in the art. The projector 85 throws four spot light beams ata photographic scene 87 which is represented schematically by a flatplane. Four spot light sources 85a to 85d are actuated sequentially tospot-scan laterally the center of the photographic scene 87 at aconstant angular velocity.

The light detector 86 is constructed of a lens 93 and an image areasensor 94, and detects light reflected from a principal subject withinthe photographic scene 87. The distance to a principal subject ismeasured by means of an optical triangulation method, using therelationship between the incident position of a reflected light and aspot light source.

The taking lens 10 is moved in accordance with the subject distance bymeans of the lens setting mechanism 95, and is focussed on the principalsubject from which the light was reflected. The position of the focussedprincipal subject on the photographic scene 87, i.e., the recordedposition of the principal image on the frame 19a, is detected from theincident position of the reflected light on the image area sensor 94.The detected position information of the principal image is recorded inthe form of a bar code by means of the bar code reading head 18, e.g.,on the back of the photographic film 19.

As shown in FIG. 9, upon half-depression of a release button 98, aswitch 99 is turned on to generate a signal which is sent to anautofocus (AF) control circuit 100. The AF control circuit 100 causes adriver 102 to actuate sequentially the spot light sources 85a to 85dwhich apply spot light beams toward the photographic scene 87. A lightbeam reflected from the principal subject becomes incident on the imagearea sensor 94 at the position indicated by hatched lines. The subjectdistance is obtained from the row number of the pixel of the image areasensor 94 on which the reflected light has become incident. The lateralposition within the frame is obtained from the column number of thepixel. "NEAR" and "FAR" in FIG. 9 indicate subject distance, and "LEFT"and "RIGHT" indicate lateral position within the frame.

The image area sensor 94 is driven by a driver 101 at a predeterminedperiod to read video signals therefrom. The video signals are suppliedto the AF control circuit 100. In synchronism with this reading, thespot light sources are actuated sequentially. The AF control circuit 100detects the pixel on which the reflected light is incident by checkingthe output level of video signals. Even if the detected pixel on whichthe reflected light is incident is the same, the subject distance mightbe different if the position of the spot light source is different. Inview of this possibility, data as shown in FIG. 10 are stored in the AFcontrol circuit 100 so that the subject distance can be identified fromthe position of the spot light source presently being illuminated, andthe pixel row number. Curve 103 corresponds to the range findingoperation by the spot light source 85a, and curve 106 to the rangefinding operation by the spot light source 85d.

The AF control circuit 100 determines lens setting position inaccordance with detected subject distance, and sends the determinedposition to the lens setting mechanism 95. The position informationobtained on the basis of the row number of the reflected light incidentpixel is sent to the bar code data generator 108.

Upon full depression of the release button 98, a switch 109 is turned onso that the lens setting mechanism 95 is activated to set the takinglens 10 at a focussed position. After setting the taking lens 10, theshutter is activated to take the photographic scene 87 in thephotographic film 19. Simultaneously with or slightly after thisphotographing, the position information of the principal subject isrecorded on the photographic film 19.

If there are a plurality of subjects, the corresponding number ofreflected lights are incident on pixels, and a plurality of subjectdistances are measured. In such a case, as proposed by a conventionalmulti-beam range finding scheme, a near distance priority, a framecentral area priority, intermediate distance selection, or the like isused selectively. In the case of the near distance priority or framecentral area priority, a subject with priority is regarded as theprincipal subject, and its position within the frame is recorded on aphotographic film. In the case of the intermediate distance selection,all detected subjects are regarded as principal subjects, and theirposition information is recorded on photographic film.

If there is no principal subject, as in the case of a far distancephotographic scene, obviously the position information of a principalsubject is not recorded. If there is a principal subject at anrelatively great distance, the image size of the principal subjectwithin the frame is considerably small. In this case, a print exposureamount may be determined from the average photometric value of theframe, similarly to the case in which there is no principal subject.However, it becomes more convenient if the principal subject distance,as well as its position information, are recorded on a photographicfilm.

Spot light beams 112 to 116 may be applied sequentially, obliquely tothe photographic scene 87 as shown in FIG. 11. A plurality of spot lightbeams 117 may be applied sequentially as shown in FIG. 12, by using aprojector having spot light sources disposed in a matrix form.

FIGS. 13 to 17 show examples of recording the position information. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the position information showsdistances X and Y from the origin, at the lower left corner within theframe, to a principal image 120, those distances being recorded in aphotographic film 19 as a bar code 121. In the embodiment shown in FIG.14, distances x and y from the origin of the central point, within theframe, to a principal image are recorded as a bar code 123. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 15, two marks 124 and 125 are recorded atpositions outside the frame, so that an intersection between twoorthogonal lines passing these two marks 124 and 125 are used as thecentral position of a principal image.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, a frame is divided into aplurality of areas, and the positions of the divisional areas withinwhich a principal subject is present is recorded on a photographic film19. Specifically, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, codes "2--2" and"3--3" of the principal subject areas are recorded on the photographicfilm 19. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, marks 126 and 127 arerecorded at positions outside the frame, corresponding in length to thesides of the principal subject areas.

A photographic film 19 recorded with the position information isdeveloped, and thereafter is set at the printing station. During theprinting operation, the position information recorded for each frame isread with a sensor to identify the position of a principal subjectwithin the frame. As is well known, each measurement point within theframe is subjected to three color separation photometry, and theobtained three color densities for respective measurement points areused in calculating a print exposure amount.

In this case, the print exposure amount for each color is determined insuch a manner that the three color densities of the principal image areweighted to a large degree to obtain a finished principal subject havinga proper density and color balance. The quality of a finished image canbe improved further by using not only the position information of aprincipal subject but also other data. The other data which are recordedon a photographic film may include the type of illumination lightsource, the illumination condition (front light or rear light), apresence/absence of flashing, and the intensity ratio of three colorcomponents of photographing light.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a photographic camera whichrecords the position information of a range finding area and thedistance information of a principal subject. Elements which are the sameas those shown in FIG. 8 are represented by identical referencenumerals. A projector unit 130 causes an infrared spot light to bethrown from a light source 131 for application to a photographic scene87, and for sequential scanning of range finding areas 133 to 137.During this scanning, the infrared light reflected from a principalsubject 138 becomes incident on an image sensor 94 via a lens 93.

An X-shaft 140 is mounted on the light source 131, which in turn isrotatably mounted on a holder 141 on which a Y-shaft 142 is fixedlycoupled. The X-shaft 140 is coupled to an X-direction scanning unit 143whose pulse motor (not shown) causes the light source 131 to swing inthe directions indicated by a bidirectional arrow. The Y-shaft 142 iscoupled to a Y-direction scanning unit 144, which swings the lightsource 131 in the directions indicated by another bidirectional arrow.

A controller 145 controls the X- and Y-direction scanning units 143, 144to scan the light source 131 two-dimensionally. The controller 145operates to allow the light source 131 to illuminate only while it scansthe range finding areas 133 to 137. The X- and Y-direction scanningunits 143, 144 each has an encoder. A position signal from the encoderis supplied to a position/distance detecting unit 146. This detectingunit 146 operates in such a manner that the reflected light incidentposition of the image sensor 94 is obtained from the level of videosignals.

The position of the range finding area and the distance to the principalsubject 138 are detected in accordance with the incident position andthe position signal of a range finding area within which a principalsubject 138 is present. The obtained range finding area positioninformation and principal subject distance information are sent to a barcode data generator 108. The distance information output from thedetecting unit 146 also is sent to a lens setting mechanism 95.

FIG. 19 shows an example of a developed photographic film. Forconvenience of description, the range finding areas 133 to 137 arerepresented by broken line rectangles. An image 138a of a principalsubject 138 is recorded in the frame 19c of a photographic film 19. Therange finding area information 148 and distance information 149 arerecorded outside the frame 19c, the range finding area information 148being used for discriminating the range finding area at which thedistance to the principal subject 138 has been measured. In thisembodiment, the principal subject 138 is positioned at the range findingarea 136, and the information on the central point of a range findingarea is used as the range finding area information.

Next, photographing an image with the photographic camera shown in FIG.18 and printing a frame within the photographic film shown in FIG. 19will be described with reference to the flow charts shown in FIGS. 20and 21. In the range finding operation, the controller 145 actuates theY-direction scanning unit 144 to rotate the holder 141 by means of theY-shaft 142. The holder 141 causes the light source 131 to rotate in theY-direction (horizontal direction). During the predetermined period ofthis rotation, the light source 131 emits an infrared light which scansthe range finding area 133, and next the range finding area 134. Afterscanning the range finding area 134, the light source 131, together withthe holder 141, rotates reversely to restore the initial position withrespect to the Y-direction.

Upon restoration of the initial position by the light source 131, thecontroller 145 actuates the X-direction scanning unit 143 to rotate theX-shaft 142 in the clockwise direction by a predetermined angle.Immediately thereafter, the controller 145 actuates the Y-directionscanning unit 144 to rotate the light source 131 in the Y-direction.During the predetermined period of this rotation, the light source 131emits an infrared light to scan the range finding area 135. In a similarmanner, the range finding areas 136 and 137 are scanned sequentially.

Since it is assumed that the principal subject 138 is present within therange finding area 136, the infrared light reflected by the subject 138becomes incident on the image sensor 94 via the lens 93. Video signalsread from the image sensor 94 are sent to the detecting unit 146 todetect the reflected light incident position. Since the position signalof the light source 132 also is supplied to the detecting unit 146, therange finding area now concerned can be discriminated. On the basis ofthe range finding area and the reflected light incident position, therange finding area 136 of the principal subject 138 and the distancethereto are detected. The obtained position information, including rangefinding area and principal subject distance information, are sent to thebar code data generator 108, the distance information also being sent tothe lens setting mechanism 95.

If a principal subject is detected at a plurality of the range findingareas, the corresponding pieces of position information of these rangefinding areas are recorded on the photographic film. If a plurality ofprincipal subjects are located at different distances, these subjectsare detected at the respective range finding areas. The distance for usein determining a print exposure amount is determined in accordance withschemes of a near distance priority, intermediate distance selection, orthe like. If a subject is present at the range finding areas 136 and 137and another subject at the farther distance is present, e.g., at therange finding area 135, then the subject at the range finding areas 136and 137 is, in many cases, the earth or a table, and it is better toneglect the distance information on these range finding areas.

Upon full depression of the release button after the range findingoperation, as described previously, the shutter 25 is actuated aftersetting the taking lens, so as to take a photographic scene 87 in thephotographic film 19. Simultaneously with or immediately after thisphotographing, the bar code recording head 18 is actuated to record theposition information 148 of the range finding area and the distanceinformation 149 on the photographic film 19.

The developed photographic film 19 is sent to the photographic printershown in FIG. 3, and the position information 148 and distanceinformation 149 recorded for the frame 19c to be printed are read. Theframe 19c is subjected to photometry when set at the printing station.Next, a principal subject image area 152 is determined on the basis ofthe position information 148 and distance information 149, as shown inFIG. 22. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 22, the center of the principalsubject image area 152 is coincident with a center point (CP) on theframe 19c, a position corresponding to the center of the range findingarea 136. The size of the principal subject image area 152 is 2A×2B,where A is the component of the position CP in the Y-direction(horizontal direction) and B is the component of the position CP in theX-direction (vertical direction). The lengths A and B are obtained fromthe following equations:

    A=A.sub.0 . f / (L-f)

    B-B.sub.0 . f / (L-f)

where A₀ is half the width of the ordinary human figure, B₀ is half theheight of the ordinary human figure, L is a subject distance, and f isthe focal length of a taking lens.

Characteristic values of the principal subject image are derived fromthe determined principal subject image area 152. By using thecharacteristic values, the print exposure amount is calculated for eachof red, green, and blue colors.

FIG. 21 is a flow chart showing an example of calculation of a printexposure amount. Referring to the data, stored in a memory, which definethe range of flesh color, it is judged whether each measurement pointwithin the principal subject image area 152 is a flesh color. If thereare flesh color measurement points, the principal subject image isjudged to be a figure. The average value of densities at the derivedflesh color measurement points is calculated to determine a printexposure amount. The detail of calculating a print exposure amount onthe basis of flesh color control is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No.4,816,874 issued Mar. 28, 1989 (corresponding to Japanese PatentLaid-open Publication No. 63-178222), and other publications.

If there is no flesh color point within the principal subject image area152, or if the number of flesh color points is smaller than apredetermined value, the principal subject is judged to be a landscape,flowers or the like. In this case, an average density Dm_(i) (i standsfor one of red, green, and blue colors) is calculated from the densitiesof pixels within the principal subject image area 152. The maximum andminimum densities Dmx_(i) and Dmn_(i) also are derived from thedensities of pixels within the principal subject image area 152. Next,an average density Db_(i) for the background image area is calculated.These characteristic values are substituted into the followingcalculation equation of the principal subject image emphasizing exposurecontrol type to calculate the density D_(i) :

    D.sub.i =K1 . Dm.sub.i +K2 . Db.sub.i +K3 . Dmx.sub.i +K4 . Dmn.sub.i (1)

where K1-K4 are coefficients.

The obtained density D_(i) is substituted into the following calculationequation (2) to obtain a print exposure amount E_(i). This printexposure amount E_(i) is converted into a filter setting position byreferring to the table data indicating the relationship between theprint exposure amount and filter setting position:

    log E.sub.i =α.sub.i . (D.sub.i -DN.sub.i)+β.sub.i (2)

where α is a slope coefficient, β is a constant determined by acombination of a photographic film, color paper, taking lens and thelike, and DN is an average density of a control negative film.

In the foregoing embodiments, the size of a principal subject image areais determined in accordance with a subject distance so as to make thesize equal to the figure size on the frame. Instead, irrespective of asubject distance, the frame may be divided into a plurality of framedivisional areas in correspondence with range finding areas. An exampleof this is shown in FIG. 23. If a primary subject is present at therange finding area 133, the frame divisional area S1 is used as theprincipal subject image area. Similarly, the frame divisional area S2corresponds to the range finding area 134, and the frame divisional areaS3 to the range finding area 135.

As shown in FIG. 24A, for the scene where two principal subjects arepresent on the range finding areas 136 and 137 within the frame, thearea inclusive of the frame divisional areas S4 and S5 is used as aprincipal subject image area 154, as shown in FIG. 24B. For the sceneshown in FIG. 25A, the area inclusive of the frame divisional areas S3,S4 and S5 is used as a principal subject image area 155, as shown inFIG. 25B. For the scene as shown in FIG. 26A, an area inclusive of theframe divisional areas S1 to S5 is used as a principal subject imagearea 156 as shown in FIG. 26B.

In this embodiment, if a scene is judged not to be a figure scene, thescene other than the principal subject image area is judged to be thebackground image area, and its average density is used as the backgroundimage characteristic value. Instead, average densities at framedivisional areas within the background image area may be weighted tocalculate the density D_(i). For example, for the case where the framedivisional area S5 is judged to be the principal subject image area, thedensity D_(i) is calculated by the following equation:

    D.sub.i =C1 . D1.sub.i +C2 . D2.sub.i +C3 . D3.sub.i +C4 . D4.sub.i +C5 . D5.sub.i

where C is a coefficient, D1 an average density of the frame divisionalarea S1, D2 an average density of the frame divisional area S2, D3 anaverage density of the frame divisional area S3, D4 an average densityof the frame divisional area S4, and D5 an average density of the framedivisional area S5.

The above-described embodiments have been directed to densitycorrection. The invention also is applicable to color correction.Instead of recording the position information of a range finding area ona photographic film, it may be recorded in an IC card, a magneticrecording area formed at the periphery of a film patrone, or a recordingmedium connected to the photographic film. This invention also isapplicable to printing an image recorded with an electronic stillcamera. In the case of an electronic still camera, the positioninformation together with the image data are written in a magneticfloppy disk. In printing the image on a color paper by using a digitalcolor printer while displaying it on a CRT for example, the storedposition information is read, and the exposure amount is controlled byusing the image data.

Further, a photometric unit for carrying out divisional photometry of aphotographic scene may be mounted on a camera, and the photometricvalues at divisional areas may be weighted according to the position ofthe principal subject, and added together to obtain a subject brightnesswhich is used for the exposure control. Since a contrast between adetected principal subject and the background can be checked, thepresent invention also is applicable to automatic tone control of adigital color printer. Furthermore, the type of a principal subject canbe presumed such that, if flesh color points are included in theprincipal subject image area, then the principal subject is judged to bea figure, and that, if grey points are included, then it is judged to bea landscape, or flowers and grass. Therefore, this invention isapplicable to automatic edge emphasis control of a digital colorprinter.

The range finding unit used with the above embodiments is of an activetype that a spot light is applied to a subject for the range finding.Other range finding units, such as a passive type using two sensors,wherein two images on the sensors are compared to each other, anultrasonic type, and the like may also be used.

While the invention has been described in detail above with reference toa preferred embodiment, various modifications within the scope andspirit of the invention will be apparent to people of working skill inthis technological field. Thus, the invention should be considered aslimited only by the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of detecting a principal image within aframe recorded on a recording medium in a means for making a hard copyof said frame, said means for making including a means for reading dataand means for scanning said frame, said method comprising the stepsof:reading focal length data of a taking lens, and subject distancedata, corresponding to a distance between a subject and said takinglens, both recorded when taking an image; determining a reference sizeof an image of a face of said subject by using said focal length dataand said subject distance data; detecting an area within said frame,said area being presumed to contain said image of said face of saidsubject; and comparing a size of said detected area with said referencesize to determine whether said detected area is said image of said faceof said subject.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said detectedarea is formed with pixels within said frame, said pixels having fleshcolor on a positive image.
 3. A method according to claim 1, whereinsaid detected area is a closed circular area.
 4. A method of detectingan image of a face of a subject as a principal image within a framerecorded on a photographic film in a means for making a hard copy ofsaid frame, said means for making including a means for reading data andmeans for scanning said frame, said method comprising the stepsof:reading focal length data of a taking lens, and subject distancedata, corresponding to a distance between said subject and said takinglens, both recorded on said photographic film when photographing animage; determining a reference size of said image of said face of saidsubject in accordance with said focal length data, said subject distancedata, and an ordinary dimension of figure faces; detecting an areawithin said frame, said area being presumed to contain said image ofsaid face of said subject; and comparing the size of said detected areawith said reference size to determine whether said detected area is saidimage of said face of said subject.
 5. A method according to claim 4,wherein said detected area is formed with pixels within said frame, saidpixels having flesh color on a positive image.
 6. A method according toclaim 4, wherein said detected area is a closed circular area.
 7. Amethod according to claim 4, further comprising the steps ofdiscriminating between a figure scene and other scenes on the basis of apresence/absence of said image of said face of said subject, andcalculating a print exposure amount for printing said frame on aphotosensitive material, by using a calculation equation prepared foreach of said scenes.
 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein saidfocal length data and said subject distance data area recorded on saidphotographic film in the form of a bar code.
 9. A method of detecting aprincipal subject image within a frame recorded on a recording medium ina means for making a hard copy of said frame, said means for makingincluding a means for reading data and means for scanning said frame,said method comprising the steps of:reading position informationrecorded when taking a frame image, said position informationrepresenting a position of a part of an area of said principal subjectimage; determining said area of said principal subject image inaccordance with said position information; comprising the steps ofderiving a characteristic value to be used for the exposure control fromwithin said area of said principal subject image; and determining aprint exposure amount in accordance with said characteristic value whenprinting said frame on a photosensitive material; wherein, if there arepixels having flesh color on a positive image within said area of saidprincipal subject image, an average value of flesh color densities isderived from said flesh color pixels, said average value being used assaid characteristic value.